Слова-связки — English Guide

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Linking words показывают логическую связь между идеями. Без них текст звучит как набор несвязанных предложений. Используйте разнообразие — повтор одного слова ослабляет текст.

Добавление (Addition)

Слово / фраза	Позиция	Пример
and	между частями	She speaks French and Italian.
also	в середине предложения	He also speaks Japanese.
too / as well	в конце предложения	I like jazz. I like classical music too.
in addition (to)	в начале предложения	In addition to a salary, you get a bonus.
furthermore	в начале (формально)	Furthermore, the study shows that…
moreover	в начале (формально)	Moreover, the costs have been reduced.
besides	в начале / конце	Besides, it's too late to change now.
not only… but also	парная конструкция	She is not only clever but also hardworking.
what is more	в начале (разг. формально)	What is more, prices are falling.

Противопоставление (Contrast)

Слово / фраза	Структура	Пример
but	между частями	He tried hard, but he failed.
however	в начале нового предложения + запятая	The plan is good. However, it's expensive.
although / though	+ придаточное (любая позиция)	Although it rained, we enjoyed the trip.
even though	сильнее, чем although	Even though he was tired, he kept working.
despite / in spite of	+ noun / -ing	Despite the rain, we went out. · In spite of being tired…
nevertheless / nonetheless	в начале (формально)	The risks are high. Nevertheless, we must try.
yet	между частями / в начале	He is wealthy, yet he is unhappy.
while / whereas	+ придаточное (контраст)	While I like coffee, she prefers tea.
on the other hand	в начале предложения	On the other hand, there are benefits.
in contrast	в начале	In contrast, the northern cities are colder.

⚠️

although + clause: Although it was cold, we swam.
despite + noun/-ing: Despite the cold, we swam. / Despite feeling cold, we swam.
Нельзя смешивать: ❌ Despite it was cold…

Причина и следствие (Cause & Effect)

Тип	Слово / фраза	Пример
Причина	because	I stayed home because I was ill.
	since / as	Since it was late, we left. (более формально)
	due to / owing to	Due to bad weather, the flight was delayed.
	because of	We lost because of poor planning.
Следствие	so	It was raining, so we stayed in.
	therefore	He was late; therefore, he missed the start.
	thus	The sample was small, thus results may vary.
	consequently	She didn't study. Consequently, she failed.
	as a result	As a result, profits increased by 20%.

Время (Time)

Слово	Значение	Пример
when	когда	When I arrived, she was sleeping.
while / as	пока / в то время как	While he cooked, she set the table.
before	до того как	Finish your work before you leave.
after	после того как	After she left, he called.
until / till	до тех пор пока	Wait until I get back.
as soon as	как только	Call me as soon as you arrive.
once	как только / после того как	Once you understand, it's easy.
by the time	к тому времени как	By the time he arrived, we'd eaten.
since	с тех пор как	Things have changed since she left.

Последовательность (Sequence)

First(ly) Second(ly) Third(ly) Then Next After that Subsequently Finally / Lastly To begin with To conclude

Пример (Exemplification)

Фраза	Пример
for example	Many birds migrate. For example, swallows fly to Africa.
for instance	Some sports are dangerous. For instance, boxing.
such as	Fruits such as apples and oranges are healthy.
namely	Two cities, namely London and Paris, were chosen.
that is (i.e.)	The CEO, i.e., the chief executive, will attend.
in particular	I love sport, in particular swimming.

Условие (Condition)

if unless provided (that) as long as in case on condition that supposing

Уступка (Concession)

Фраза	Пример
admittedly	Admittedly, the plan has some flaws.
granted	Granted, it is expensive — but worth it.
it is true that	It is true that mistakes were made.
even so	The risks are high. Even so, we should try.

Вывод (Summary / Conclusion)

In conclusion To sum up In summary Overall To conclude In brief All in all On balance