Сдвиг времён
Когда вводящий глагол стоит в прошедшем времени (said, told, asked), время в придаточном «сдвигается» на одну ступень назад.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → "I work here." | Past Simple → He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous → "I am working." | Past Continuous → She said she was working. |
| Present Perfect → "I have finished." | Past Perfect → He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple → "I saw her." | Past Perfect → She said she had seen her. |
| Past Continuous → "I was sleeping." | Past Perfect Continuous → He said he had been sleeping. |
| will → "I will call." | would → She said she would call. |
| going to → "I'm going to leave." | was going to → He said he was going to leave. |
Сдвиг необязателен, если сказанное по-прежнему актуально: She said she lives in Paris. (и сейчас живёт) — допустимо без сдвига.
Сдвиг модальных глаголов
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to (обязанность) / must (вывод) |
| shall | should / would |
| will | would |
| could / would / should / might | без изменений |
Изменение местоимений и наречий
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| I / me / my / mine | he/she · him/her · his/her · his/hers |
| we / us / our / ours | they · them · their · theirs |
| you / your | I/he/she/they · my/his/her/their |
| here | there |
| this / these | that / those |
| now | then / at that moment |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
| ago | before / previously |
Косвенные вопросы
В косвенных вопросах порядок слов прямой (как в утверждении), вспомогательный глагол do/does/did убирается.
Общий вопрос: ... asked if/whether + S + V
Специальный: ... asked (wh-word) + S + V
| Прямой вопрос | Косвенный вопрос |
|---|---|
| "Are you tired?" | He asked if/whether I was tired. |
| "Do you speak French?" | She asked whether I spoke French. |
| "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. |
| "What time did it start?" | She asked what time it had started. |
| "Who are you?" | He asked who I was. |
Просьбы и приказы
told/asked/ordered/begged + O + (not) to + V1
Примеры
"Close the door." → She told me to close the door.
«Закрой дверь.» → Она велела мне закрыть дверь.
"Don't be late." → He asked us not to be late.
«Не опаздывайте.» → Он попросил нас не опаздывать.
"Please help me!" → She begged him to help her.
«Пожалуйста, помоги мне!» → Она умоляла его помочь ей.
Глаголы передачи речи
Вместо нейтрального say/tell можно использовать более точные глаголы, указывающие на намерение говорящего.
| Структура | Глаголы | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| verb + that | say, admit, claim, complain, deny, explain, insist, promise, suggest, warn | She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| verb + to-inf | agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten | He refused to help. |
| verb + O + to-inf | advise, allow, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn | She advised me to see a doctor. |
| verb + -ing | admit, deny, recommend, suggest | He denied stealing the money. |
| verb + O + for + -ing | apologise, blame, criticise, congratulate, thank | She thanked me for helping. |
Нейтральный vs. точный глагол
He said he didn't do it. → He denied doing it.
Он сказал, что не делал этого. → Он отрицал, что делал это.
She said she would help. → She offered to help.
Она сказала, что поможет. → Она предложила помочь.
He said I should see a doctor. → He advised me to see a doctor.
Он сказал, что мне стоит сходить к врачу. → Он посоветовал мне сходить к врачу.