Образование
S + BE (нужная форма) + V3 (Past Participle)
Исполнитель: by + существительное (необязательно)
Активный → Пассивный
Active: Shakespeare wrote this play.
Активный: Шекспир написал эту пьесу.
Passive: This play was written by Shakespeare.
Пассивный: Эта пьеса была написана Шекспиром.
Все времена
| Время | Активный залог | Пассивный залог |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | They clean the office. | The office is cleaned. |
| Present Continuous | They are cleaning the office. | The office is being cleaned. |
| Present Perfect | They have cleaned the office. | The office has been cleaned. |
| Past Simple | They cleaned the office. | The office was cleaned. |
| Past Continuous | They were cleaning the office. | The office was being cleaned. |
| Past Perfect | They had cleaned the office. | The office had been cleaned. |
| Future Simple | They will clean the office. | The office will be cleaned. |
| Future Perfect | They will have cleaned it. | It will have been cleaned. |
| going to | They are going to clean it. | It is going to be cleaned. |
Пассив с модальными глаголами
modal + be + V3 → настоящее/будущее
modal + have been + V3 → прошедшее
| Активный | Пассивный |
|---|---|
| You must submit the form. | The form must be submitted. |
| Someone should fix this. | This should be fixed. |
| They may have lost the key. | The key may have been lost. |
| You can't use this room. | This room can't be used. |
| We need to check the data. | The data needs to be checked. |
Когда использовать пассив
| Ситуация | Пример |
|---|---|
| Исполнитель неизвестен | My bike was stolen last night. |
| Исполнитель неважен | The results will be published next week. |
| Официальный/научный стиль | The solution was heated to 80°C. |
| Акцент на объект, а не субъект | Three people were injured in the crash. |
| Безличные инструкции | Passengers are requested to fasten seatbelts. |
Глаголы с двойным дополнением
Глаголы give, send, show, tell, offer, teach, pay, lend допускают два варианта пассива:
Active
They gave Mary a prize.
Они дали Мэри приз.
Вариант 1 (чаще)
Mary was given a prize.
Вариант 2
A prize was given to Mary.
Get-пассив (разговорный)
В разговорной речи be заменяется на get. Часто выражает неожиданное или нежелательное событие.
| Be-пассив | Get-пассив |
|---|---|
| He was fired. | He got fired. |
| She was promoted. | She got promoted. |
| They were caught. | They got caught. |
| I was stung by a bee. | I got stung by a bee. |
Безличный пассив (reporting verbs)
Структура с it is said / believed / thought / reported… — типична для новостей и формального стиля.
It is said / reported / believed + that + clause
He / She is said / reported / believed + to + V1 / to have + V3
Примеры
It is believed that he is innocent.
Считается, что он невиновен.
He is believed to be innocent.
Его считают невиновным.
It is reported that the president has resigned.
Сообщается, что президент ушёл в отставку.
The president is reported to have resigned.
Президент, по имеющимся сведениям, ушёл в отставку.
Ключевой вопрос для выбора залога: что важнее — кто сделал (→ активный) или что было сделано (→ пассивный)?